The effects of TMS on speech are well known and it is now clear that TMS can induce speech disruption that is dissociated from motor effects. As far as neuropsychology is concerned, however, this area awaits theoretically driven studies on the basis of psychological theories of language function. There have been demonstrations that applying TMS over the left frontal cortex can not only disrupt speech production but also impair verbal recall and picture–word matching. TMS over the posterior regions of language-related systems can also disrupt or facilitate picture naming. However, with the exception of one study based on neuroimaging data, the drive has been phenomenological rather than theoretical. The time course of verbal memory and recall and many of the different stages of verbal processing remain to be explored by TMS. Studies of memory are also in their infancy, and the combination of psychological techniques for the study of episodic memory or the effects of confidence judgements during recall are other areas awaiting investigation.